Sources of resistance to head scab in Triticum

Multi-floret and single-floret injection inoculation methods were used to test 1076 accessions of Triticum for resistance to initial infection and resistance to pathogen spread within spike tissue respectively. The data obtained between years or inoculation dates were comparatively similar and were little influenced by climatic factors, especially humid condition. All the tested materials uniformly exhibited susceptibility to initial infection, but there were great differences in resistance to spread among species or cultivars. The diploid and tetraploid wheats were severely susceptible. Only 30 genotypes of common wheat of T. aestivum concv. vulgare showed high resistance to spread. The highest frequency of high spread resistance existed in these landraces which were distributed in Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu provinces and Shanghai City, Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces ranked second. The majority of wheat landraces from Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi Province and Beijing City showed susceptibility or high susceptibility. No resistance was found in Tibetian wheats. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

与黄瓜抗枯萎病基因连锁的RAPD标记

以黄瓜抗枯萎病亲本WIS2757和感枯萎病亲本津研2号及其F2分离群体为试材,采用分离群体分组分析法(BSA)进行了与黄瓜抗枯萎病基因连锁的分子标记研究。运用RAPD技术,利用780条RAPD引物对抗、感亲本进行筛选,其中有113条引物在两亲本之间表现多态性,但仅有引物S49在两组间多态性标记与亲本的多态性标记相同。经F2单株分析,引物S49扩增出的特异DNA片段与WIS2757抗黄瓜枯萎病基因连锁,遗传距离为14 cM。DNA标记条带大约为300 bp,定名为S49-300。     

Identification of novel QTL for resistance to crown rot in the doubled haploid wheat population 'W21MMT70' × 'Mendos'

Crown rot (causal agent Fusarium pseudograminearum) is a fungal disease of major significance to wheat cultivation in Australia. A doubled haploid wheat population was produced from a cross between line ‘W21MMT70’, which displays partial seedling and adult plant (field) resistance to crown rot, and ‘Mendos’, which is moderately susceptible in seedling tests but partially resistant in field trials. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) based on seedling trial data did not reveal markers for crown rot resistance. A framework map was produced consisting of 128 microsatellite markers, four phenotypic markers, and one sequence tagged site marker. To this map 331 previously screened AFLP markers were then added. Three quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified with composite interval mapping across all of the three seedling trials conducted. These QTL are located on chromosomes 2B, 2D and 5D. The 2D and 5D QTL are inherited from the line ‘W21MMT70’, whereas the 2B QTL is inherited from ‘Mendos’. These loci are different from those associated with crown rot resistance in other wheat populations that have been examined, and may represent an opportunity for pyramiding QTL to provide more durable resistance to crown rot.     

Fusarium wilt of chickpea: physiological specialization, genetics of resistance and resistance gene tagging

Chickpea wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris is one of the major yield limiting factors in chickpea. The disease causes 10–90% yield losses annually in chickpea. Eight physiological races of the pathogen (0, 1A, 1B/C, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) are reported so far whereas additional races are suspected from India. The distribution pattern of these races in different parts of the world indicates regional specificity for their occurrence leading to the perception that F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris evolved independently in different regions. Pathogen isolates also exhibit differences in disease symptoms. Races 0 and 1B/C cause yellowing syndrome whereas 1A, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 lead to wilting syndrome. Genetics of resistance to two races (1B/C and 6) is yet to be determined, however, for other races resistance is governed either by monogenes or oligogenes. The individual genes of oligogenic resistance mechanism delay onset of disease symptoms, a phenomenon called as late wilting. Slow wilting, i.e., slow development of disease after onset of disease symptoms also occurs in reaction to pathogen; however, its genetics are not known. Mapping of wilt resistance genes in chickpea is difficult because of minimal polymorphism; however, it has been facilitated to great extent by the development of sequence tagged microsatellite site (STMS) markers that have revealed significant interspecific and intraspecific polymorphism. Markers linked to six genes governing resistance to six races (0, 1A, 2, 3, 4 and 5) of the pathogen have been identified and their position on chickpea linkage maps elucidated. These genes lie in two separate clusters on two different chickpea linkage groups. While the gene for resistance to race 0 is situated on LG 5 of Winter et al. (Theoretical and Applied Genetics 101:1155–1163, 2000) those governing resistance to races 1A, 2, 3, 4 and 5 spanned a region of 8.2 cM on LG 2. The cluster of five resistance genes was further subdivided into two sub clusters of 2.8 cM and 2.0 cM, respectively. Map-based cloning can be used to isolate the six genes mapped so far; however, the region containing these genes needs additional markers to facilitate their isolation. Cloning of wilt resistance genes is desirable to study their evolution, mechanisms of resistance and their exploitation in wilt resistance breeding and wilt management.     

我国棉花枯萎病基础研究概况

本文主要介绍了７０年代以来，我国在棉花枯萎病基础研究方面取得的成绩，并探讨了今后的发展趋向和存在的问题。     

Utilization of alien genes to enhance Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat – A review

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a destructive disease of wheat worldwide. Sources of resistance to FHB are limited in wheat. Search for novel sources of effective resistance to this disease has been an urgent need in wheat breeding. Fusarium head blight resistance has been identified in relatives of wheat. Alien chromatin carrying FHB resistance genes has been incorporated into wheat through chromosome addition, substitution, and translocation. Relatives of wheat demonstrate a great potential to enhance resistance of wheat to FHB.     

Correlation of isoenzyme polymorphism and Bayoud-disease resistance in date palm cultivars and progeny

Summary Seedlings of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), obtained from seven cultivars crossed with two males, were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for esterase (EST), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), endopeptidase (ENP) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) polymorphisms. Eleven, eight, five and two phenotypes were revealed for the enzymes tested, respectively. Seedlings of F₁ populations derived from Bayoud (Fusarium)-resistant and low fruit quality cultivars were characterized by a high electrophoretic polymorphism, when compared with progenies of Bayoud-susceptible and high fruit quality cultivars. In almost all cases, the most frequent electrophoretic phenotypes scored for each enzyme in different F₁ populations, were similar to those of the corresponding parent cultivars. Heterozygous phenotypes have been found for, at least, 3 loci; Got-2, Est-1 and Enp, indicating that such loci could be used to screen for hybrid seedlings. The expected Mendelian segregation of allozymes has been observed for these 3 loci, in many F₁ populations. It seems that progenies of Bayoud-resistant cultivars are characterized by a high level of electrophoretic polymorphism. The estimation of this index and the search for genetic linkage with segregating allozymes, may be biochemical criteria useful as an aid in distinguishing date palm seedling populations derived from Bayoud-resistant cultivars and suitable for breeding programs.     

防病促生枯萎病拮抗菌“98-Ⅰ”对4种枯萎病防治效果研究

经 8年系统试验研究从 330个细菌菌株中筛选出 1株防病促生枯萎病拮抗菌“98 Ⅰ” ,经鉴定属蜡质芽孢杆菌。该菌对黄瓜枯萎病、西瓜枯萎病、青椒枯萎病和番茄枯萎病 4种土传病害均有显著防治效果 ,其平皿孢子萌发抑制率分别为 79 2 %、75 1%、72 3%和 95 7% ,且该菌对多种蔬菜有促生和促进种子发芽功效。     

Conservation tillage systems, fungal complexes and disease development in soybean and barley rhizospheres in Prince Edward Island

A potential for reduced soil macroporosity (below 12% soil volume) under direct drilling, with a concomitant increase in soil relative saturation, is associated with an increase in crown and root rots in Prince Edward Island field crops. Four long-term tillage systems (moldboard plowing, paraplowing-direct drilling, rotary cultivation and direct drilling) were compared in relation to the pathogenic fungal complexes formed in a two crop rotation in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) over a 3 year period in a cool humid region of eastern Canada. The principal phytopathogenic fungal complex of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. and F. oxysporum Schl. remained constant over the treatments. Tillage practice did not affect the number of colony forming units of R. solani in the rhizosphere. The recovery of R. solani from root tissues tended to be lower following conservation tillage and was attributed to antagonism associated with elevated numbers of saprophytic trash microflora concentrated at the soil surface. Disease levels in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plantlet bioassays were not influenced significantly by soil source or tillage regime. However, plantlet growth tended to be depressed following transplantation into soil from soybean plots in 1993. Under optimum soil physical conditions conservation tillage did not appear to influence disease levels in barley and soybean rotations.     

植物病原真菌尖孢镰刀菌检测与定量研究进展

尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum）是一种危害严重的土传病原真菌,被列为世界十大植物病原真菌之一。该菌能够侵染棉花（Gossypium hirsutum）、大豆（Glycine max）、西瓜（Citrullus lanatus）、香蕉（Musa nana）、番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum）和苜蓿（Medicago sativa）等100多种具有重要经济价值的作物,引起枯萎病和根腐病等。对土壤和植物根组织中的尖孢镰刀菌进行检测和定量是病害早期诊断和有效防治的基础。本文对国内外关于尖孢镰刀菌检测和定量方法（主要包括培养基菌落平板稀释法、常规PCR和实时荧光定量PCR等）及其应用进行总结,旨在对农牧业生产中尖孢镰刀菌检测和定量提供理论指导。